Together with Dashiell Hammett, Chandler created a truly American style, if there is such a thing, which exemplifies our national tough-guy facade. World-weary, bitterly sarcastic, self-assured; a lover but never giving love too much ground—that’s Chandler’s California, and the kind of America I’d like to see more (sort of).

Whether you like him or not, Philip Marlowe is a great character. He doesn’t have to be liked. Despite his constant drinking and gruff manner, he’s an upstanding person of unflinching moral fortitude. His is a lonely, dark road—and we get the sense he prefers it that way.

He figures crimes out slowly, as we readers do, detail by detail, and gets through by a combination of luck and toughness. Everything that happens, regardless of how unexpected, he takes in stride. And he’s smart. Nobody says all of what they’re thinking—other than the soft-minded—but Marlowe sees beneath the surface, to people’s true motivations, and worms out the truth.

What Chandler is saying about human nature and our society hits pretty hard. It takes someone like Marlowe to absorb all that baseness and not break. Despite the dark tone, there’s something bitterstweet and hopeful at the bottom of The Big Sleep. Justice comes, but at a terrible price, and we don’t know how much longer Marlowe, who’s our last man standing, can fight on.